Meningococcal Meningitis and Septicemia (aka Meningococcemia) Symptoms,Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications

Risk Factors

Certain people are at increased risk for meningococcal disease. Some risk factors include:

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Age
Doctors more commonly diagnose meningococcal disease in infants, teens, and young adults. Learn more about vaccine recommendations for age groups at increased risk.

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Group settings
Infectious diseases tend to spread wherever large groups of people gather. Several college campuses have reported outbreaks of serogroup B meningococcal disease in recent years. Learn more about vaccine recommendations for those at increased risk in group settings.

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Certain medical conditions
Certain medical conditions and medications put people at increased risk of meningococcal disease. Learn more about vaccine recommendations for those at increased risk due to certain medical conditions.

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Travel
Travelers to the meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa may be at risk for meningococcal disease. Learn more about vaccine recommendations for travelers.

Causes and Spread to Others

Causes 

Bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis cause meningococcal disease. About 1 in 10 people have these bacteria in the back of the

ir nose and throat without being ill. This is called being ‘a carrier’. Sometimes the bacteria invade the body and cause certain illnesses, which are known as meningococcal disease.

There are six serogroups (types) of Neisseria meningitidis — A, B, C, W, X, and Y — that cause most disease worldwide. Three of these serogroups (B, C, and Y) cause most of the illness seen in the United States.

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mage credit: CDC /cdc.gov

Spread to Others

People spread meningococcal bacteria to other people by sharing respiratory and throat secretions (saliva or spit). Generally, it takes close (for example, coughing or kissing) or lengthy contact to spread these bacteria. Fortunately, they are not as contagious as germs that cause the common cold or the flu. People do not catch the bacteria through casual contact or by breathing air where someone with meningococcal disease has been.

Sometimes the bacteria spread to people who have had close or lengthy contact with a patient with meningococcal disease. Those at increased risk of getting sick include:

People in the same household

Roommates

Anyone with direct contact with the patient’s oral secretions, such as a boyfriend or girlfriend

Close contacts of someone with meningococcal disease should receive antibiotics to help prevent them from getting the disease. Experts call this prophylaxis (pro-fuh-lak-sis). This does not mean that the contacts have the disease; it is to prevent it. Health departments investigate each case of meningococcal disease to identify all close contacts and make sure they receive prophylaxis.

Meningococcal Meningitis

Doctors call meningitis caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis meningococcal meningitis. When someone has meningococcal meningitis, the bacteria infect the lining of the brain and spinal cord and cause swelling.

Signs and Symptoms

Seek medical attention immediately if you or your child develops symptoms of meningococcal disease. Symptoms of meningococcal disease can first appear as a flu-like illness and rapidly worsen. The two most common types of meningococcal infections are meningitis and septicemia. Both of these types of infections are very serious and can be deadly in a matter of hours.

The most common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Stiff neck

There are often additional symptoms, such as

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Photophobia (eyes being more sensitive to light)
• Altered mental status (confusion)

Newborns and babies may not have or it may be difficult to notice the classic symptoms listed above. Instead, babies may be slow or inactive, irritable, vomiting, feeding poorly, or have a bulging in the soft spot of the skull (anterior fontanelle). In young children, doctors may also look at the child’s reflexes for signs of meningitis.

If you or your child has any of these symptoms, call the doctor right away.

Meningococcal Septicemia (aka Meningococcemia)

Doctors call septicemia (a bloodstream infection) caused by Neisseria meningitidis meningococcal septicemia or meningococcemia. When someone has meningococcal septicemia, the bacteria enter the bloodstream and multiply, damaging the walls of the blood vessels. This causes bleeding into the skin and organs.

If you or your child has any of these symptoms, call the doctor right away

Symptoms may include:

• Fever and chills
• Fatigue (feeling tired)
• Vomiting
• Cold hands and feet
• Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest, or abdomen (belly)
• Rapid breathing
• Diarrhea
• In the later stages, a dark purple rash (see photos)

If you or your child has any of these symptoms, call the doctor right away.

Symptoms may include:

• Fever and chills
• Fatigue (feeling tired)
• Vomiting
• Cold hands and feet
• Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest, or abdomen (belly)
• Rapid breathing
• Diarrhea
• In the later stages, a dark purple rash (see photos)

Symptoms may include:

• Fever and chills
• Fatigue (feeling tired)
• Vomiting
• Cold hands and feet
• Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest, or abdomen (belly)
• Rapid breathing
• Diarrhea
• In the later stages, a dark purple rash (see photos)

Symptoms may include:

• Fever and chills
• Fatigue (feeling tired)
• Vomiting
• Cold hands and feet
• Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest, or abdomen (belly)
• Rapid breathing
• Diarrhea
• In the later stages, a dark purple rash (see photos)

Symptoms may include:

• Fever and chills
• Fatigue (feeling tired)
• Vomiting
• Cold hands and feet
• Severe aches or pain in the muscles, joints, chest, or abdomen (belly)
• Rapid breathing
• Diarrhea
• In the later stages, a dark purple rash (see photos)

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications

Meningococcal disease is very serious and can be deadly in a matter of hours. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important.

Dignosis

Meningococcal disease can be difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms are often similar to those of other illnesses. If a doctor suspects meningococcal disease, they will collect samples of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (fluid near the spinal cord). Doctors then send the samples to a laboratory for testing.  If Neisseria meningitidis bacteria are in the samples, laboratorians can grow (culture) the bacteria. Growing the bacteria in the laboratory allows doctors to know the specific type of bacteria that is causing the infection. Knowing this helps doctors decide which antibiotic will work best. Other tests can sometimes detect and identify the bacteria if the cultures do not.

Lumbar puncture to collect sample of cerebrospinal fluid

See image at  https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/diagnosis-treatment.html

1.credit/source: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/causes-transmission.html

2. https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/symptoms.html

3. https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/diagnosis-treatment.html

Note: All information are credited to the original writer's sources and references.  Please click the link for complete information.

The information contained on this site is for educational purposes only and should not be taken as expert advice.  

Meningococcal Disease Treatment, Complications,Prevention,and Re-Infection

Treatment

Doctors treat meningococcal disease with a number of antibiotics. It is important that treatment start as soon as possible. If a doctor suspects meningococcal disease, they will give the patient antibiotics right away. Antibiotics help reduce the risk of dying.

Depending on how serious the infection is, people with meningococcal disease may need other treatments, including:

• Breathing support
• Medications to treat low blood pressure
• Surgery to remove dead tissue
• Wound care for parts of the body with damaged skin

Complications

Even with antibiotic treatment, 10 to 15 in 100 people infected with meningococcal disease will die. Up to 1 in 5 survivors will have long-term disabilities, such as loss of limb(s), deafness, nervous system problems, or brain damage.

Prevention

Keeping up to date with recommended vaccines is the best defense against meningococcal disease. Maintaining healthy habits, like getting plenty of rest and not having close contact with people who are sick, also helps.

Vaccination

Vaccine help protect against all three serogroups (B, C, and Y) of Neisseria meningitidis bacteria most commonly seen in the United States. Like with any vaccine, meningococcal vaccines are not 100% effective. This means there is still a chance you can develop meningococcal disease after vaccination. People should know the symptoms of meningococcal disease since early recognition and quick medical attention are extremely important.

Antibiotics

Close contacts of a person with meningococcal disease should receive antibiotics to prevent them from getting sick. Experts call this prophylaxis (pro-fuh-lak-sis). Examples of close contacts include:

• People in the same household
• Roommates
• Anyone with direct contact with a patient’s oral secretions (saliva or spit), such as a boyfriend or girlfriend

Doctors or local health departments recommend who should get prophylaxis.

Re-Infection

If you get meningococcal disease twice, your doctor should check to see if you have an underlying immune deficiency.

Although rare, people can get meningococcal disease more than once. A previous infection will not offer lifelong protection from future infections. Therefore, CDC recommends meningococcal vaccines for all preteens and teens. In certain situations, children and adults should also get meningococcal vaccines.

credit/source: https://www.cdce-Infection.gov/meningococcal/about/prevention.html

All information are credited to the original writer's sources and references.  Please click the link for complete information.

Note: The information contained on this site is for educational purposes only and should not be taken as expert advice.  

Make Up Lesson the Dior

credit/source: youtube.com and Opachanova Svetlana

I posted this makeup video not for anything else such as the brand but the simplicity of this procedure.

Manila became a Chartered City

On August 7, 1901, the City of Manila was incorporated by virtue of Act 183 of the Philippine Commission which was passed on July 31, 1901. Brigadier-General George W. Davis, the last provost-marshall of Manila, drafted the Charter. The Manila Charter followed closely in its general plan of legislation by which the City of Washington, D. C. was then governed.
Up to about the middle of the nineteenth century, Manila formed a part of the ancient province of Tondo. This province included almost the whole of what is now Rizal (and the present-day cities of Metro Manila). In 1859 a decree was issued establishing a civil government for the Province of Manila. With this decree what formally was Tondo became the province of Manila. According to this decree, the civil governor was also Corregidor of the city.

From time to time the City Government would undergo reorganization.

image credit: Lunsod ng Maynila

Under Act 183, Manila, like the City of Washington, D. C. at that time, its prototype, is governed not by a single executive head, but by three commissioners appointed by the President of the United States, with the consent of the Senate, the government of the City was vested in the Municipal Board composed of three members appointed by the Civil Governor by and with the consent of the Philippine Commission. One member of the Board was the president who presided over its meetings. He was given the power to sign all ordinances, bonds, contracts, obligations, made or authorized by the Board, and to issue such orders and instructions as were necessary in carrying out the policies of the Board. Each member of the Board was required to file a bond of P10,000.00 with the Insular Treasurer. There was a secretary who was appointed like the members, with the provision that his successors were to be appointed by the Board under the Civil Service Act.On August 13, 1898, the city was occupied by the forces of the United States Government and its affairs were conducted by the military authorities. With the establishment of civil government, the old Province of Manila was abolished, and some of the towns which belonged to it were given to the newly created province of Rizal. To the city of Manila was given a charter which took effect on August 7, 1901.

The Board possessed the legislative powers provided for in the Charter. It was also endowed with executive authority, to be exercised through the different departments into which the City Government was organized; viz., Department of Engineering and Public Works, Police Department, Law Department, Fire and Building Inspection Department, and Assessment and Collectiion Department. The functions of the latter department, however, were at the time performed by the Collector of Internal Revenue as ex officio City Assessor and Collector.
References

1. Local government in the Philippine Islands, pages 139-140, Jose P. Laurel, La Pilarica Press, Manila, 1926.

credit/source:https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1508/today-in-philippine-history-august-7-1901-manila-became-a-chartered-city

Manila was proclaimed as the capital of the Spanish colonial administration in the Philippines

On June 24, 1571, Manila was proclaimed as the capital of the Spanish colonial administration in the Philippines

image credit: Philippines News Agency archives

Earlier in Cebu, Spanish colonizer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, having heard of the rich resources of Manila, dispatched two of his lieutenant-commanders, Martín de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo, to explore the northern region.

On May 8, 1570, they arrived in Manila and were welcomed by natives and formed an alliance with Rajah Sulayman, a Muslim king who ruled the place at that time. However, the local sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards and a battle between the troops of Sulayman and the Spaniards erupted. As the Spaniards were heavily armed, they were able to conquer Manila.
After hearing that the city had been conquered, Legazpi came to join Goiti in Manila. He formed a peace pact with the native councils, Rajah Sulayman and Rajah Lakandula.

On June 24, 1571, Legazpi finally established a permanent settlement, and he also ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros. He proclaimed Manila as the island's capital and permanent seat of the Spanish colonial government in the western Pacific Ocean.
Manila became a replica of a European medieval city. There were churches, palaces and city hall built in the Spanish baroque style. In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II.
By the end of the 16th century, Manila had become a leading commercial center of East Asia, carrying on a flourishing trade with China, India, and the East Indies.
Credit/Source
Reference: Philippines News Agency archives