Michael Jackson - One Day In Your Life

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Michael Jackson - Happy

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The London Olympic Games 2012 With Mr. Bean (Rowan Atkinson) - Chariots of Fire

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Olympics Closing Ceremony 2012 John Lennon Imagine

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Unlikely and Unusual Friends

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Vitamin H (Biotin)Overview,Precautions and Dietary Sources

Overview

Vitamin H, more commonly known as biotin, is part of the B complex group of vitamins. All B vitamins help the body to convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose), which is used to produce energy. These B vitamins, often referred to as B complex vitamins, also help the body metabolize fats and protein. B complex vitamins are needed for healthy skin, hair, eyes and liver. They also help the nervous system function properly.

Your body needs biotin to metabolize carbohydrates, fats and amino acids, the building blocks of protein. Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails, and it's found in many cosmetic products for hair and skin.

Like all B vitamins, it is water soluble, meaning the body does not store it. However, bacteria in the intestine can make biotin. It is also available in small amounts in a number of foods. Biotin is also important for normal embryonic growth, making it a critical nutrient during pregnancy.

It’s rare to be deficient in biotin. Symptoms include hair loss, dry scaly skin, cracking in the corners of the mouth (called cheilitis), swollen and painful tongue that is magenta in color (glossitis), dry eyes, loss of appetite, fatigue, insomnia and depression. People who have been on parenteral nutrition -- nutrition given intravenously -- for a long period of time, those taking antiseizure medication or antibiotics long-term, and people with conditions like Crohn’s disease that make it hard to absorb nutrients, are more likely to be deficient in biotin.

There are not many good quality studies evaluating biotin. Many of its proposed uses are based on weak evidence or case reports:

Hair and Nail Problems

Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis)

Diabetes

Peripheral Neuropathy

Other

Dietary Sources

Biotin can be found in brewer's yeast; cooked eggs, especially egg yolk; sardines; nuts (almonds, peanuts, pecans, walnuts) and nut butters; soybeans; other legumes (beans, blackeye peas); whole grains; cauliflower; bananas; and mushrooms.

Raw egg whites contain a protein called Avidin that interferes with the body's absorption of biotin.

Food-processing techniques can destroy biotin. Less-processed versions of the foods listed above contain more biotin.

Available Forms

Biotin is available in multivitamins and B-vitamin complexes, and as individual supplements.

Standard preparations are available in 10 mcg, 50 mcg, and 100 mcg tablets and contain either simple biotin or a complex with brewer's yeast.

How to Take It

As with all supplements, check with a health care provider before giving biotin to a child.

Adequate daily intakes for biotin from food, according to the National Academy of Sciences, are listed below.

Pediatric

• Infants birth - 6 months: 5 mcg
• Infants 7 - 12 months: 6 mcg
• Children 1 - 3 years: 8 mcg
• Children 4 - 8 years: 12 mcg
• Children 9 - 13 years: 20 mcg
• Adolescents 14 - 18 years: 25 mcg

Adult

• 19 years and older: 30 mcg
• Pregnant women: 30 mcg
• Breastfeeding women: 35 mcg

Precautions

Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.

Nevertheless, biotin has not been associated with side effects, even in high doses, and is considered to be nontoxic.

Possible Interactions

• Supporting Research

Please click the link source for complete information and the references.

Note: All information are credited to the original writer's sources and references,

credit.source; https://www.umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/vitamin-h-biotin

Can not be published completely due to copyright.

Vitamin K,Function, Food sources,Deficiency,Safety,Prevention and Recommendation

Summary

• Naturally occurring forms of vitamin K include phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and a family of molecules called menaquinones (MKs or vitamin K2). (More information)
• With limited vitamin K storage capacity, the body recycles vitamin K in the vitamin K oxidation-reduction cycle in order to reuse it multiple times. (More information)
• Vitamin K is the essential cofactor for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) that are involved in blood coagulation, bone metabolism, prevention of vessel mineralization, and regulation of various cellular functions. (More information)
• Vitamin K deficiency increases the risk of excessive bleeding (hemorrhage). An injection of vitamin K is recommended to protect all newborns from life-threatening bleeding within the skull. (More information)
• The adequate intake (AI) level for vitamin K is set at 90 μg/day for women and 120 μg/day for men. (More information)
• Vitamin K deficiency may impair the activity of VKDPs and increase the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Yet, observational studieshave failed to isolate vitamin K intakes from overall healthful diets, thus warranting cautious interpretation of positive associations between vitamin K intakes and markers of bone health. Overall, intervention trials have been inconclusive regarding the role of supplemental vitamin K in further reducing bone loss in otherwise calcium- and vitamin D-replete adults. (More information)
• Abnormal mineralization of blood vessels increases with age and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Vitamin K inadequacy may inactivate several VKDPs that inhibit the formation of calcium precipitates in vessels. The effect of supplemental vitamin K in the prevention of vessel calcification and cardiovascular events still needs to be evaluated in randomized controlled trials. (More information)
• Phylloquinone is found at high concentrations in green leafy vegetables and certain plant oils, while most menaquinones are usually found in animal livers and fermented foods. (More information)
• Several drugs, including vitamin K antagonists (e.g., warfarin), are known to interfere with vitamin K absorption and metabolism. (More information)

"This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University.  [Naomi V.] is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University."

credit/source: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-K

Note; All information and references are credited to the original writer's sources.
Please click the link source for complete information due to copyright.

Hyperlink in Internet Term

A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can click on to jump to a new document or a new section within the current document. Hyperlinks are found in nearly all Web pages, allowing users to click their way from page to page. Text hyperlinks are often blue and underlined, but don't have to be. When you move the cursor over a hyperlink, whether it is text or an image, the arrow should change to a small hand pointing at the link. When you click it, a new page or place in the current page will open.

Hyperlinks, often referred to as just "links," are common in Web pages, but can be found in other hypertext documents. These include certain encyclopedias, glossaries, dictionaries, and other references that use hyperlinks. The links act the same way as they do on the Web, allowing the user to jump from page to page. Basically, hyperlinks allow people to browse information at hyperspeed.

credit/source: https://techterms.com/definition/hyperlink

우리 결혼했어요 - We got Married, #07, 20100918

credit/source: youtube.com and MBCentertainment and Adam Couple, Khuntoria and YongSeo

Happy Valentine's Day Everyone and Adam Couple, Khuntoria and YongSeo

우리 결혼했어요 - We got Married, #01, 20100918

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Happy Valentine's Day to Everyone, Adam Couple, Khuntoria and YongSeo

Girls' Generation Seohyun Q&A by TV Hosts like a Beauty Queen

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This is entitled by the original publisher of this video :

"[Eng Sub] Hosts to SNSD: You have a very unique maknae"

My Note: I hope it will be alright to change my title to publish in my blog for a non k-pop fan readers.Thank you. once again credit to seogeration.

KZ Tandingan brought the house down in a Singing Contest in China.

Credit/source: facebook.com and 歌手音乐台 Note: I just copy and paste the credit to mention if I missed someone my apologies.

KZ so proud of you.

Massachusetts’ high court: Do you know this justice?

  Supreme Judicial Court in Massachusetts,Boston

BOSTON (AP) — A man’s portrait has hung for years outside the chambers of the chief justice on Massachusetts’ highest court. The problem? No one knows who he is.

It’s a mystery that has stumped officials at the Supreme Judicial Court for more than a decade. Now they’re turning to the public for help in cracking the case of the unknown justice.

“I basically said, listen, if we have not been able to identify it, why don’t we set loose the public to see if they can put on their Sherlock Holmes’ hats and help us to track down who this elusive and mysterious justice is?” Chief Justice Ralph Gants, who has served on the court since 2009, said in an interview.

Officials say they believe the man may have sat on the bench sometime between 1780 and 1820.

Gants said they have essentially ruled out that the man was a chief justice, but say he must have been an associate justice because they can’t imagine why else his portrait be in the court, which traces its roots to 1692.

Even the artist remains unknown.

Clifford Allen, director of education and public programs for the court, said officials years ago attempted to identify all the portraits of the retired justices and put them on a CD. The anonymous painting was the only one they couldn’t figure out, he said.

Since then, extensive research has turned up few clues.

Allen said he has tried matching the portrait with all of the justices who served during that era. He even ran the portrait through the Google program that matches a persons’ likeness to a painting, he said.

The high court says the person that comes forward with reliable authentication of the portrait will be invited to the court to stand with Gants as he unveils a plaque bearing the mystery justice’s name. They’ll also get a guided tour of the John Adams Courthouse.

credit/source: https://apnews.com/a0b27ed2a648454681f3b7ecb534d125?utm_campaign=SocialFlow&utm_source=Twitter&utm_medium=AP_Oddities

Note: All information are credited to the original writer's source. 

Amazing these Kids handle and dribble Basketball

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Have You Ever Heard of Norovirus (Norwalk Virus)?

credit/source; youtube.com and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)


Related Article:

Norovirus (Norwalk Virus)

.foodsafety.gov

Noroviruses are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (infection of the stomach and intestines) in the United States. Norovirus illness spreads easily and is often called stomach flu or viral gastroenteritis, 

People who are infected can spread it directly to other people, or can contaminate food or drinks they prepare for other people. The virus can also survive on surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus or be spread through contact with an infected person.

Sources	Produce, shellfish, ready-to-eat foods touched by infected food workers (salads, sandwiches, ice, cookies, fruit), or any other foods contaminated with vomit or feces from an infected person
Incubation Period	12-48 hours
Symptoms	Diarrhea, vomiting, nausea,and stomach pain. Diarrhea tends to be watery and non-bloody. Diarrhea is more common in adults and vomiting is more common in children
Duration of Illness	1-3 days. Among young children, old adults, and hospitalized patients, it can last 4-6 days.
What Do I Do?	Drink plenty of fluids and get rest. If you cannot drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration, call your doctor.
How Do I Prevent It?	Wash hands frequently with soap and running water for at least 20 seconds, particularly after using the bathroom and before preparing food. If you work in a restaurant or deli, avoid bare-hand contact with ready-to-eat foods. Clean and disinfect surfaces contaminated by vomiting or diarrhea (use a bleach-based household cleaner as directed on the label). Clean and disinfect food preparation equipment and surfaces. If you are ill with diarrhea or vomiting, do not cook, prepare, or serve food for others. Wash fruits and vegetables and cook oysters and other shellfish thoroughly before eating them. Wash clothing or linens soiled by vomit or fecal matter immediately. Remove the items carefully to avoid spreading the virus. Machine wash and dry.

credit/source; https://www.foodsafety.gov/poisoning/causes/bacteriaviruses/norovirus/index.html

Atty. Erwin Erfe M.D. : Director-Forensic Laboratory Center Public Attorney's Office

ATTY. Erwin Erfe MD   

FYI about    ATTY. Erwin Erfe MD  

Forensics Consultant and Designated Director-Forensic Laboratory Center Public Attorney's Office

Erwin is a Corporate & Healthcare Law, Forensics Analysis and Strategic Politics consultant. He holds degrees in psychology, medicine and law. A Senior Executive Fellow of the Harvard University, he obtained a Professional Certificate in International Management and Leadership from ICPS, London and completed trainings at the Virginia Institute of Forensic Science and Medicine, William M. Bass Forensic Anthropology Center, Laboratory of Forensic Science in New York, University of Tennessee, the Anthropological Research Facility in Knoxville, TN, International Center for Parliamentary Studies (London), Center for Strategic Studies (Israel), Goethe Institut Berlin (Germany) and at the John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard University in Cambridge, MA. He was awarded Most Outstanding Forensics Expert in 2010, 2012 and 2013.

Erwin is both a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Medicine and the American Board of Forensic Examiners. He is a Fellow and Certified Forensic Physician of the American College of Forensic Examiners Int. He is a life member of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines and the International Association for Identification and an active member of the American College of Forensic Examiners, International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts (IABPA), International Academy of Legal Medicine (IALM), Evidence Photographers International Council (EPIC) and a founding member of the Forensic Association of the Carolinas (FACS).

Professional Qualifications:
Registered Physician
License No.
Attorney-At-Law
Roll No. 47059
Admitted to the Philippine Bar
Fellow, American College of Forensic Examiners Institute [ACFEI] United States of America
Diplomate, American Board of Forensic Medicine (ABFM)
United States of America
Diplomate, American Board of Forensic Examiners (ABFE)
United States of America

Certified Forensic Physician [CFP]
ACFEI No. 111275
American College of Forensic Examiners Institute [ACFEI]
United States of America

Professional Certificate, International Management and Leadership International Center for Parliamentary Studies
London, United Kingdom

Senior Executive Fellow
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Areas of Professional Consultancy Practice:

• Forensics: Clinical Forensic Medicine; Forensic Analysis (Forensic Medicine, Forensic Osteology, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, Forensic & Evidence Photography)
• Law: Medical and Hospital Law; Medical Malpractice
• Strategic Politics: Political and Voter Psychology, Political Image Management

Professional Associations:

• Life Member, IBP]
• Member and Certified Forensic Physician
American College of Forensic Examiners [ACFEI]
ID No. 111275
• Charter Member,
The Forensics Association of the Carolinas
North and South Carolina, USA
• Life Member,
International Association for Identification [IAI]
Minnesota, USA
IAI No. 25226
• International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts [IABPA]
Tucson, Arizona, USA
Member No. 3539
• Evidence Photographers International Council [EPIC]
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
• International Corrections and Prisons Association [ICPA]
Edinburgh, Scotland
• Member
American Association of Political Consultants (AAPC)
8400 Westpark Drive, 2nd Floor, McLean VA, 22102
• Member
International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP)
Suite 1213, 126 Ward Street, Columbus, NC 28722
• Member
American Political Science Association (APSA)
1527 New Hampshire Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20036-1206

Professional Examinations:

Physician Licensure Examination, 1993, Philippines
United States Medical Licensure Examination [USMLE], 1995, United States of America
Bar Examinations, 2001, Philippines

Education:

Senior Executive Fellows Program, 2013
John F. Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA
USA

Professional Certificate, International Management and Leadership, 2013,
International Centre for Parliamentary Studies,
London, United Kingdom

Bachelor of Law, 2001,
Manila Law College
Manila, Philippines

Doctor of Medicine, 1992
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila,
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Psychology, 1988
University of the Philippines
Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

Honors:

• PAO Forensic Team, 2013 FAMAS Extraordinary Award for Public Service, April 2013
• Outstanding Forensic Expert, Public Attorney’s Office, Manila Hotel, 2012
• Outstanding Forensic Expert, 3rd MCLE Accredited Convention, Public Attorneys Office, Manila Hotel, Sept-Oct, 2009.
• Consistent Dean’s Lister, College of Medicine, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, Philippines
• Seventh Place, Medicine Class ’92, College of Medicine, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, Philippines
• Full Government Medical Scholar, 1988-1992, College of Medicine, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, Philippines
• Eduardo Gonzales (Manila-Mt. Lebanon Lodge No. 1 Scholarship) Scholar, 1988-1992, College of Medicine, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, Philippines
• One of the Five Outstanding Campus Leaders of 1990
• Distinguished Leadership Pin, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, Philippines
• Tanging Banggit Award for Leadership, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Manila, Philippines
• Award of Honor and Achievement in LAW 2002, Manila Law College, Manila, Philippines

Current Affiliation:

• Forensic Consultant and designated Director of Forensic Laboratory, Public Attorney’s Office, Department of Justice, Philippines, December 2004-Present
• Deputy Director for Administrative Services, Ospital ng Muntinlupa, July 1, 2013-Present
• Head, Legal Department- various private hospitals

Current Academic Appointment:

• Part-Time Lecturer, Legal Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence, Jonelta Foundation School of Medicine, Las Pinas, Philippines, 1998-Present

Former Academic Appointments:
• Professorial Lecturer, Forensic Medicine, Ateneo de Manila University School of Law, Rockwell, Makati, Philippines, 2006-2010.
• Law Faculty: University of Manila, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, New Era University, Bulacan State University
• Medical School Faculty: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila College of Medicine, Full Time, 1994-1998
• Graduate School Faculty : Department of Sociology, University of the Philippines, University of Santo Tomas, Saint Jude Graduate School.

Publications:

Co-Author, Death on the Tarmac: Forensic Analysis of the Assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., The Manila Times Publishing Corp., Manila, August 2009. ISBN 978-971-94535-0-5

Author, Forensic Analysis of the Vizconde Massacre Case, submitted to the Supreme Court in December 2010.

Foreign Language Training

Deutsch, Goethe-Institut Berlin, Germany

Graduate Courses Taught:

Legal and Labor Aspects of Hospital Administration
Legal Aspects of Hospital Administration
Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice
Labor Law
Legal Medicine
Forensic Medicine
Gross Human Anatomy
Medical Physiology
Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Medical Jurisprudence
Dental Pharmacology
Graduate Course in Criminology and Penology

credit/source; facebook.com and Mr. Benjie Garcia

The Father of Black History Month, Dr. Carter G. Woodson

woodsonmuseum.org

The Father of Black History Month, Dr. Carter G. Woodson, was born in 1875 near New Canton, VA. He was the son of former slaves. In 1907, he obtained his BA degree from the University of Chicago. In 1912, he received his PhD from Harvard University.

In 1915, he and friends established the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. A year later, the Journal of Negro History, began quarterly publication. In 1926, Woodson proposed and launched the annual February observance of "Negro History Week," which became "Black History Month" in 1976. It is said that he chose February for the observance because February 12th was Abraham Lincoln’s birthday and February 14th was the accepted birthday of Frederick Douglass.

Dr. Woodson was the founder of Associated Publishers, the founder and editor of the Negro History Bulletin, and the author of more than 30 books. His best known publication is The Mis-Education of the Negro, originally published in 1933 and still pertinent today.

He died in 1950, but Dr. Woodson’s scholarly legacy goes on.

credit/source; http://www.woodsonmuseum.org/about-us

MISSION

The mission of the Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum is two-fold:

1) To preserve, present, and interpret African American history and to engage a broad and diverse audience through these activities.

2) To promote an understanding among various groups that comprise the St. Petersburg community to enhance our ability as a society to respect, value diversity, and foster equal rights and social justice.

IMPACT

The history of African Americans in the St. Petersburg community and throughout the African Diaspora will be the central focus of programming at the Dr. Carter G. Woodson African American Museum. The Museum serves to preserve this rich history for present and future generations of St. Petersburg residents and visitors to St. Petersburg.

African Americans have played a crucial role in the growth and development of St. Petersburg since the late 1800s. The first African Americans came to this area seeking work. Many of the early migrants worked on the Orange Belt Railroad and other emerging enterprises. As St. Petersburg grew into a major tourist destination, more employment opportunities opened for these early residents. Settling near the downtown area to be near jobs and the railroad, African Americans established neighborhoods and the community grew, establishing independent institutions. In spite of segregation and discrimination, the area thrived culturally.

Vitamin E and Skin Health

Overview

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that is essential for the maintenance of healthy skin. Naturally occurring vitamin E is not a single compound; instead, vitamin E is a group of molecules with related structures, some of which may have unique properties in skin. Vitamin E is also found as vitamin E conjugates that increase stability but require cellular metabolism for activation. Vitamin E is normally provided to the skin through the sebum. Topical application can also supply the skin with vitamin E and may provide specific vitamin E forms that are not available from the diet. As an antioxidant, vitamin E primarily reacts with reactive oxygen species. In addition, vitamin E can also absorb the energy from ultraviolet (UV) light. Thus, it plays important roles in photoprotection, preventing UV-induced free radical damage to skin. Vitamin E may also have related anti-inflammatoryroles in the skin. Other roles of vitamin E in the skin are poorly understood because research is limited. This article discusses the roles of vitamin E in the skin and summarizes the current knowledge about vitamin E in skin health.

Forms of vitamin E

The term “vitamin E” does not refer to a single molecule but to two classes of molecules with similar structures and antioxidant properties, comprising a family of eight substances. Tocopherols are the most abundant form of vitamin E in the body, consisting of four different forms (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol). Tocotrienols, which are found in the body to a lesser extent, also exist in four different forms (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienol). Although tocopherols and tocotrienols are available from the diet, α-tocopherol is the primary form of vitamin E found and maintained in the body, due to the specificity of a transport protein for α-tocopherol (see the article on Vitamin E).

Naturally occurring vitamin E is usually labeled as “natural” or “d” vitamin E, while synthetic vitamin E is a mixture of eight isomeric forms, usually labeled “all-rac” or “dl.” Tocopherols and tocotrienols are also available as esterderivatives that increase molecular stability upon exposure to heat, light, and air. Conjugated vitamin E molecules are typically used in dietary supplements; the esterified molecule is removed by cellular metabolism in the intestine. However, metabolism of vitamin E conjugates in skin is low; therefore, the availability of unesterified or “free” vitamin E from cutaneous application of conjugates may be limited (see Topical application).

Content and availability

Vitamin E is the most abundant lipophilic antioxidant found in human skin (1, 2). In humans, levels of vitamin E in the epidermis are higher than the dermis (1). Although the predominant form of vitamin E in skin of unsupplemented individuals is α-tocopherol, skin may also contain measurable amounts of γ-tocopherol (3) and other diet-derived tocopherols and tocotrienols (4).

Vitamin E first accumulates in the sebaceous glands before it is delivered to the skin surface through sebum (5, 6). Following oral ingestion, it takes at least seven days before the vitamin E content of sebum is altered (5, 7). There are no transport proteins specific for vitamin E in the skin. Sebum is secreted to the surface of the stratum corneum, where it concentrates in the lipid-rich extracellular matrix of this layer (3). Due to its lipophilic nature, vitamin E can also penetrate into all underlying layers of skin (8). Skin vitamin E levels are higher in individuals with increased sebum production, as well as in skin types that naturally produce more sebum (e.g., “oily’ skin on the face vs. drier skin on the arm) (1, 8).

Exposures to UV light (3, 9, 10) or ozone (6, 11, 12) lower the vitamin E content in skin, primarily in the stratum corneum. Vitamin E concentrations in the human epidermis also decline with age (1). Since epidermal structure changes with age (13), this may be due to increased UV penetration of this layer.

Topical application

Topical application of vitamin E has been used in a wide variety of forms throughout history, ranging from the application of oils to the skin surface to the use of modern cosmetic formulations. Just as sebum provides a delivery mechanism for vitamin E to the stratum corneum, topical applications of vitamin E permeate the epidermis and dermis (14, 15). The rate of percutaneous vitamin E absorption and factors that influence its penetration are largely unknown in humans, with a large range of concentrations and times used in various studies. It is generally assumed that solutions with vitamin E concentrations as low as 0.1% can increase vitamin E levels in the skin (16). Interestingly, vitamin E levels in the dermis increase greatly after topical application, likely accumulating in the sebaceous glands (15). However, although it is increased after topical delivery, the concentration of vitamin E in the dermis is lower than in the stratum corneum. Skin supplied only with dietary vitamin E primarily contains α- and γ-tocopherol (3, 7, 8); by contrast, skin supplied with synthetic vitamin E topically can contain a mixture of different tocopherols and/or tocotrienols (10, 15). In terms of penetration and absorption following topical application, tocotrienols and tocopherols accumulate in skin at varying rates, but the mechanisms governing these differences are unclear (15).

After topical application, vitamin E accumulates not only in cell membranes but also in the extracellular lipid matrix of the stratum corneum, where vitamin E contributes to antioxidant defenses. However, much of a topically applied dose of vitamin E alone will be destroyed in the skin following exposure to UV light (10). This suggests that although vitamin E is working as an antioxidant, it is unstable on its own and easily lost from the skin. Thus, improving the stability of topical applications with vitamin E is important. Products containing both vitamin C and vitamin E have shown greater efficacy in photoprotection than either antioxidant alone (see Photoprotection).

The stability of topical vitamin E solutions may also be increased by the use of vitamin E conjugates. These vitamin E derivatives are usually commercially produced esters of tocopherol (although tocotrienol esters have been formulated) that are resistant to oxidation but can still penetrate the skin layers. Vitamin E conjugates, however, do not have antioxidant functions. To be effective, the molecule conjugated to vitamin E must be removed by enzymeswithin a cell. Since the stratum corneum contains metabolically inactive cells and the remaining layers of the epidermis and dermis may contain a large volume of extracellular proteins, it is unclear how efficiently ester conjugates are converted to “free” vitamin E in skin. Depending on the compound and the model system used, the effectiveness of these formulations can vary greatly (16-20), and studies often do not compare the application of vitamin E conjugates to the application of unmodified vitamin E molecules.

Because vitamin E can absorb UV light to produce free radicals (see Photoprotection), there is the possibility that heavy sunlight exposure after topical application can cause skin reactions. However, concentrations of vitamin E between 0.1%-1.0% are generally considered safe and effective to increase vitamin E levels in the skin, but higher levels of α-tocopherol have been used with no apparent side effects (16). On the other hand, studies of dose-dependent vitamin E accumulation and effectiveness in skin protection are lacking. Some forms of vitamin E, especially ester conjugates, have led to adverse reactions in the skin, including allergic contact dermatitis and erythema. Although such reactions may be due to oxidation by-products, the emulsion creams used for topical delivery of compounds may also contribute to the observed effects (21).

Deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency may affect skin function, but there is little evidence from human studies. Vitamin E deficiency in rats has been reported to cause skin ulcerations (22) and changes in skin collagen cross-linking (23, 24), but the underlying cause of these effects is unknown.

Functions in Healthy Skin

Photoprotection

The primary role of vitamin E in the skin is to prevent damage induced by free radicals and reactive oxygen species; therefore, the use of vitamin E in the prevention of UV-induced damage has been extensively studied. Although molecules in the vitamin E family can absorb light in the UVB spectrum, the “sunscreen” activity of vitamin E is considered limited since it cannot absorb UVA light or light in higher wavelengths of the UVB spectrum (25). Thus, the primary photoprotective effect of vitamin E is attributed to its role as a lipid-soluble antioxidant.

Many studies in cell culture models (in vitro studies) have found protective effects of vitamin E molecules on skin cells (26-28), but these models do not recreate the complex structure of skin tissues. Therefore, in vivo studies are needed.

Studies using orally administered vitamin E have reported mixed results on its photoprotective potential. An early study of vitamin E supplementation in hairless mice found no effect of dietary α-tocopherol acetate on UV-induced carcinogenesis (29). Three other mouse studies reported inhibition of UV-induced tumors in mice fed α-tocopherol acetate (30-32), but one of these studies utilized vitamin E doses that were toxic to animals when combined with the UV treatment (30). Another study in mice found a reduction of UV-induced DNA damage with dietary α-tocopherol acetate, but no effects on other free radical damage were observed in the skin (33). One human study reported that subjects taking 400 IU/day of α-tocopherol had reduced UV-induced lipid peroxidation in the skin but concluded there was no overall photoprotective effect (34). This was supported by another human study that found that 400 IU/day of α-tocopherol for six months provided no meaningful protection to skin (35). Furthermore, multiple human studies have shown no effect of vitamin E on the prevention or development of skin cancers (36, 37).

In contrast to oral supplementation with α-tocopherol alone, multiple studies have found that the combination of vitamin C and vitamin E protects the skin against UV damage. Human subjects orally co-supplemented with vitamins C and E show increased Minimal Erythemal Dose (MED), a measure of photoprotection from UV light in skin (38, 39). The combination of the two vitamins was associated with lower amounts of DNA damage after UV exposure (40). Results of another study suggest a mixture of tocopherols and tocotrienols may be superior to α-tocopherol alone, as the mixture showed reduced sunburn reactions and tumor incidence after UV exposure in mice (41). However, further trials with dietary tocotrienol/tocopherol mixtures are needed in human subjects.

Topical application of vitamin E is generally effective for increasing photoprotection of the skin. In rodent models, the application of α-tocopherol or α-tocopherol acetate before UV exposure reduces UV-induced skin damage by reducing lipid peroxidation (33, 42-44), limiting DNA damage (33, 45-47), and reducing the many chemical and structural changes to skin after UV exposure (14, 48-50). Vitamin E topical applications have also been shown to reduce UV-induced tumor formation in multiple mouse studies (14, 31, 51) and to reduce the effects of photo-activated toxins in the skin (52-55). Topical application of vitamin E also reduces the effects of UV radiation when applied after the initial exposure. In mice, α-tocopherol acetate prevents some of the erythema, edema, skin swelling, and skin thickening if applied immediately after UV exposure (49, 50). A similar effect has been shown in rabbits, where applying α-tocopherol to skin immediately after UV increased the MED (56). While the greatest effect was seen when vitamin E was applied immediately after UV exposure, one study showed a significant effect of application eight hours after the insult (49). In human subjects, the use of vitamin E on skin lowers peroxidation of skin surface lipids (57), decreases erythema (58, 59), and limits immune cell activation after UV exposure (60).

Like oral supplementation with vitamin C and vitamin E, topical preparations with both vitamins have also been successful. Together, the application of these antioxidants to the skin of animals before UV exposure has been shown to decrease sunburned cells (61, 62), decrease DNA damage (61, 63), inhibit erythema (61, 64), and decrease skin pigmentation after UV exposure (64). Similar effects have been seen in human subjects (65-67).

While a majority of studies have found benefit of topical α-tocopherol, there is much less evidence for the activity of esters of vitamin E in photoprotection (57). As described above, vitamin E esters require cellular metabolism to produce “free” vitamin E. Thus, topical use of vitamin E esters may provide only limited benefit or may require a delay after administration to provide significant UV protection.

Anti-inflammatory effects

Vitamin E has been considered an anti-inflammatory agent in the skin, as several studies have supported its prevention of inflammatory damage after UV exposure. As mentioned above, topical vitamin E can reduce UV-induced skin swelling, skin thickness, erythema, and edema — all signs of skin inflammation. In cultured keratinocytes, α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol have been shown to decrease inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis, interleukin production, and the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and NADPH oxidase by UV light (68-70), as well as limit inflammatory responses to lipid hydroperoxide exposure (71). In mice, dietary γ-tocotrienol suppresses UV-induced COX-2 expression in the skin (70). Furthermore, topical application of α-tocopherol acetate or a γ-tocopherol derivative inhibited the induction of COX-2 and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) following UV exposure (72). In vitro studies have shown similar anti-inflammatory effects of α- and γ-tocopherol on immune cells (73-75).

Many of these anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin E supplementation have been reported in combination with its photoprotective effects, making it difficult to distinguish an anti-inflammatory action from an antioxidant action that would prevent inflammation from initially occurring. Despite these limitations, there are many reports of vitamin E being used successfully in chronic inflammatory skin conditions, either alone (76, 77) or in combination with vitamin C (78) or vitamin D (79), thus suggesting a true anti-inflammatory action.

Wound healing

As mentioned above, skin lesions have been reported in rats suffering from vitamin E deficiency, although their origin is unclear. Vitamin E levels decrease rapidly at the site of a cutaneous wound, along with other skin antioxidants, such as vitamin C or glutathione (80). Since skin antioxidants slowly increase during normal wound healing, these observations have stimulated additional studies on the effect of vitamin E on the wound healing process. However, no studies have demonstrated a positive effect of vitamin E supplementation on wound repair in normal skin. Studies have shown that α-tocopherol supplementation decreases wound closure time in diabetic mice, but no effects have been observed in normal mice (81, 82). Vitamin E increases the breaking strength of wounds pre-treated with ionizing radiation (83), but this is likely due to antioxidant functions at the wound site akin to a photoprotective effect. In contrast, intramuscular injection of α-tocopherol acetate in rats has been suggested to decrease collagen synthesis and inhibit wound repair (84).

In humans, studies with topical α-tocopherol have either found no effects on wound healing or appearance or have found negative effects on the appearance of scar tissue (85, 86). However, these studies are complicated by a high number of skin reactions to the vitamin E preparations, possibly due to uncontrolled formation of tocopherol radicals in the solutions used. Despite these results, vitamin E, along with zinc and vitamin C, is included in oral therapies for pressure ulcers (bed sores) and burns (87, 88).

Other functions

There is limited information concerning the effects of vitamin E supplementation on photodamage, which is commonly observed as skin wrinkling. Although vitamin E can protect mice exposed to UV from excessive skin wrinkling, this is a photoprotective effect rather than treatment of pre-existing wrinkles. Other reports using vitamin E to treat photodamage or reduce wrinkles are poorly controlled studies or unpublished observations (89, 90). An analysis of the dietary intake of Japanese women showed no correlation between vitamin E consumption and skin wrinkling (91).

Vitamin E and oils containing tocopherols or tocotrienols have been reported to have moisturizing properties, but data supporting these roles are limited. Cross-sectional studies have shown no association between vitamin E consumption and skin hydration in healthy men and women (91, 92). However, two small studies have shown topicalapplication of vitamin E can improve skin water-binding capacity after two to four weeks of use (93, 94). Long-term studies with topical vitamin E are needed to establish if these moisturizing effects can be sustained.

Environmental pollutants like ozone can decrease vitamin E levels in the skin (6, 11, 12) and lead to free radicaldamage that may compound the effects of UV exposure (12). Although not well studied, topical applications of vitamin E may reduce pollution-related free radical damage (11).

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