Scarlet Fever Facts, History, Causes,Symptoms and Diagnosis

Scarlet Fever Facts and History

• Scarlet fever (sometimes referred to as scarlatina) is an infectious disease characterized by
  • fever,
  • sore throat (pharyngitis), and a
  • characteristic rash.
• Scarlet fever is caused by an infection with group A Streptococcus, the same bacteria responsible for causing "strep throat" and various other skin infections (for example, impetigo and erysipelas).
• Scarlet fever is predominantly a childhood disease occurring in children 2-10 years of age, though it can less commonly occur in older children and adults.
• The incidence and mortality rates associated with this once feared disease have significantly decreased due to the introduction and widespread use of antibiotics.
• Because it is so contagious, scarlet fever historically has been responsible for devastating epidemics, particularly in the 19th century. In 1923, the husband and wife team of George and Gladys Dick identified the streptococcal bacterium responsible for causing scarlet fever, and shortly thereafter they isolated the toxin responsible for causing the characteristic rash of scarlet fever. This led to the development of a test once used to determine an individual's immunity or susceptibility to scarlet fever and to the development of a patented vaccine.
• The vaccine is no longer used, as its use was eliminated by the use of antibiotics.

emedicinehealth.comPicture of scarlet fever rash

What Causes Scarlet Fever?

Scarlet fever is caused by infection with exotoxin-producing group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS), notably Streptococcus pyogenes. The release of a particular toxin is responsible for the characteristic scarlet-colored rash seen with scarlet fever (giving the disease its name). In the majority of cases, scarlet fever occurs as a result of a pharyngeal streptococcal infection (strep throat), though it can less commonly occur as result of streptococcal infections at other sites, such as the skin. It is estimated that scarlet fever develops in up to 10% of individuals who develop streptococcal pharyngitis.
Scarlet fever can occur at any time of the year, though it is more common during the winter and spring. The streptococcal bacterium is typically spread via airborne respiratory droplets transmitted by infected individuals or by individuals who carry the bacteria but do not experience any symptoms (asymptomatic carriers). Streptococcal infections can also be transmitted by coming in direct contact with infected secretions and rarely by food-borne outbreaks. Transmission is enhanced in crowded environments in which individuals come in close contact with each other (for example, schools or day-care centers).

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What Are the Symptoms and Signs of Scarlet Fever?

The symptoms and signs of scarlet fever usually begin one to four days after exposure to the streptococcal infection (incubation period). As previously mentioned, scarlet fever typically occurs in association with a pharyngeal streptococcal infection, therefore many of the symptoms and signs initially will be similar to that of strep throat and may include any of the following:

• Sore throat
  • The throat may appear reddened and swollen, and there may be white patches on the tonsils or on the back of the throat (tonsillar exudate).
• Headache
• Fever
• Chills
• Malaise
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Swollen and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck (cervical lymphadenopathy)

Approximately one to four days after the onset of illness, a characteristic skin rash will appear with the following properties.

• The rash typically begins on the chest, neck, and armpit area and then spreads to other areas of the body.
• The rash is often more pronounced and reddened in areas of skin creases, such as the axilla, the neck, the inguinal area, and in the creases of the elbow (antecubital fossa) and the knee (popliteal fossa). Ruptured capillaries in these areas may cause the resultant rash to appear as lines (termed Pastia lines).
• The rash is described as fine and rough-textured (like sandpaper), consisting of multiple red punctate lesions. The rash blanches when pressed upon.
• The face may appear flushed, and the area around the mouth may appear pale (circumoral pallor).
• The rash may last anywhere between two to seven days. After the rash has faded, the skin begins to peel (desquamation), and this may last up to several weeks. The extent and duration of skin peeling is directly related to the initial severity of the rash. Areas commonly affected include the fingers, toes, palms, axilla, and the groin.
• During the first one to two days of illness, the tongue may have a white-colored coating with protruding, swollen, and red papillae on the surface. After about four to five days, the white coating sloughs off revealing a red-colored tongue with prominent papillae (strawberry tongue).

When Should I Call a Doctor about Scarlet Fever?

You should contact your health-care provider if you have a sore throat, especially if it is associated with a fever or a rash. Though most cases of sore throat are caused by a viral infection, your health-care provider will need to confirm that you do not have "strep throat" and scarlet fever, which are illnesses that require prescription medications (antibiotics) to prevent potential complications and shorten the disease.

Pictures of Diseases in Children

Childhood Illnesses: The Facts

While vaccines have made some childhood illnesses rare, many others remain a fact of life. They range from common infections like croup to mysterious ailments like Kawasaki disease. In the following slides, you'll learn the facts about two dozen childhood illnesses. But be sure to consult your pediatrician for proper diagnosis and treatment.

See pictures of the scarlet fever rash and other childhood diseases »

How Is Scarlet Fever Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of scarlet fever can be made by your health-care provider utilizing information obtained from your medical history, physical exam, and laboratory testing.
Because the majority of cases of scarlet fever are associated with strep throat, your health-care provider may gently swab the back of the throat and tonsils using a cotton swab to evaluate for this illness. A rapid antigen detection test, sometimes referred to as a rapid strep test, may provide results within several minutes, while a throat culture (which is more sensitive) may require 24-48 hours before the results are available. In some cases, your health-care provider may choose to obtain blood work. A complete blood count may demonstrate evidence of infection, and streptococcal antibody testing (for example, the antistreptolysin O test) can provide evidence of a previous streptococcal infection, though this test is not useful in the acute phase of the illness. Finally, in the uncommon scenario that the streptococcal infection is arising from an alternative site, appropriate evaluation and testing of these areas to confirm a streptococcal infection needs to be undertaken.

Are There Home Remedies for Scarlet Fever?

After being diagnosed with scarlet fever, there are various measures that can help alleviate the symptoms and hasten recovery at home. The vast majority of cases of scarlet fever can be managed at home unless the rare serious complications of the disease develop.

• Individuals with scarlet fever can take over-the-counter medications such as for pain control and fever reduction.
• Adequate rest and increased fluid intake are also important for promoting a more rapid recovery.
• If pharyngitis is present, various throat lozenges can provide temporary relief for a minor sore throat. Gargling with warm saltwater may also be helpful.

credit/source: https://www.emedicinehealth.com/scarlet_fever/article_em.htm#scarlet_fever_facts_and_history

Note: All information are credited to the original writer's source and references.

Scarlet Fever Symptoms,Diagnosis,Treatment and Prevention

What Is Scarlet Fever?

Scarlet fever (also known as scarlatina) is an illness that can happen in kids who also have strep throat or strep skin infections. The strep bacteriamake a toxin (poison) that causes a bright red, bumpy rash.

The rash spreads over most of the body and is what gives scarlet fever its name. It often looks like a bad sunburn with fine bumps that may feel rough like sandpaper, and it can itch. It usually starts to go away after about 6 days, but might peel for several weeks as the skin heals.

If your child has a rash like this, it's important to call your doctor. Kids with scarlet fever can be treated with antibiotics.

What Are the Symptoms of Scarlet Fever?

kidshealth.org

The telltale rash is the main sign of scarlet fever. It usually starts on the neck and face, often leaving a clear area around the mouth. It spreads to the chest and back, then to the rest of the body. In body creases, especially around the underarms, elbows, and groin, the rash forms red streaks.

Other symptoms of scarlet fever include:

• a red, sore throat
• a fever above 101°F (38.3°C)
• swollen glands in the neck

Also, the tonsils and back of the throat might be covered with a whitish coating, or look red, swollen, and dotted with whitish or yellowish specks of pus. Early in the infection, the tongue may have a whitish or yellowish coating. A child with scarlet fever also may have chills, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite.

In rare cases, scarlet fever may develop from a streptococcal skin infection like impetigo. In these cases, the child may not get a sore throat.

How Is Scarlet Fever Diagnosed?

To confirm whether a child has scarlet fever, doctors usually order a rapid strep test or throat culture (a painless swab of the throat) to check for the strep bacteria.

How Is Scarlet Fever Treated?

If a strep infection is confirmed, the doctor will prescribe an antibiotic for a child to take for about 10 days. That usually will cure the infection itself, but it may take a few weeks for the tonsils and swollen glands to return to normal.

How Can I Help My Child?

Eating can be painful for kids with severe strep throat, so serving soft foods or a liquid diet may be best. Include soothing teas and warm nutritious soups, or cool drinks, popsicles, or slushies. Make sure that your child drinks plenty of fluids. You can give over-the-counter acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever or throat pain.

If the rash itches, make sure that your child's fingernails are trimmed short so skin isn't damaged through scratching. Try an over-the-counter anti-itch medicine to help relieve the itching.

Can Scarlet Fever Be Prevented?

The bacterial infection that causes scarlet fever is contagious. Kids with scarlet fever can spread the bacteria to others through sneezing and coughing. A skin infection caused by strep bacteria, like impetigo, can be passed through contact with the skin.

When a child is sick at home, it's always safest to keep his or her toothbrush, drinking glasses, and eating utensils separate from those of other family members, and to wash these items well in hot soapy water. Wash your own hands often as you care for a child with a strep infection.

When Should I Call the Doctor?

Call the doctor whenever your child suddenly develops a rash, especially if he or she also has a fever, sore throat, or swollen glands. This is especially important if your child has any of the symptoms of strep throat, or if someone in your family or at your child's daycare or school recently had a strep infection.

credit/source: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/scarlet-fever.html

Note: All information are credited to the original writer's source and references.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

After the April 9, 1942, U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main Philippine island of Luzon to the Japanese during World War II (1939-45), the approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. Thousands perished in what became known as the Bataan Death March.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH: BACKGROUND

The day after Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines began. Within a month, the Japanese had captured Manila, the capital of the Philippines, and the American and Filipino defenders of Luzon (the island on which Manila is located) were forced to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula. For the next three months, the combined U.S.-Filipino army held out despite a lack of naval and air support. Finally, on April 9, with his forces crippled by starvation and disease, U.S. General Edward King Jr. (1884-1958), surrendered his approximately 75,000 troops at Bataan.

Did You Know?

The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of more than 7,100 islands.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH: APRIL 1942

The surrendered Filipinos and Americans soon were rounded up by the Japanese and forced to march some 65 miles from Mariveles, on the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula, to San Fernando. The men were divided into groups of approximately 100, and what became known as the Bataan Death March typically took each group around five days to complete. The exact figures are unknown, but it is believed that thousands of troops died because of the brutality of their captors, who starved and beat the marchers, and bayoneted those too weak to walk. Survivors were taken by rail from San Fernando to prisoner-of-war camps, where thousands more died from disease, mistreatment and starvation.

BATAAN DEATH MARCH: AFTERMATH

America avenged its defeat in the Philippines with the invasion of the island of Leyte in October 1944. General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), who in 1942 had famously promised to return to the Philippines, made good on his word. In February 1945, U.S.-Filipino forces recaptured the Bataan Peninsula, and Manila was liberated in early March.

After the war, an American military tribunal tried Lieutenant General Homma Masaharu, commander of the Japanese invasion forces in the Philippines. He was held responsible for the death march, a war crime, and was executed by firing squad on April 3,1946.

credit/source: https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bataan-death-march
Note: All information are credited to the original writer's sources and references.

Bataan Death March

On the morning of April 9, 1942, following four months of intense battle and no hopes of reinforcements, the American troops on the Bataan Peninsula of the Philippines surrendered to the Japanese. The captured American and Filipino men were then subjected to the Bataan Death March, a torturous march of more than 65 miles, in which thousands of troops died due to starvation, dehydration, and gratuitous violence. Thousands more would die in prisoner of war camps before they were liberated three years later.

 

American Post at Bataan

Before its formal entry into World War II, America placed defense outposts in the Philippines to protect its main Pacific possession. These outposts soon turned into one of the earliest battlefronts with Japan.

General Douglas MacArthur, newly appointed the commander of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East by President Franklin Roosevelt, ordered the American troops in the Philippines to retreat to the southern Bataan peninsula until enough reinforcements arrived. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, interrupted the flow of reinforcements and left the troops on their own.   

In the meantime, Japanese forces firmly pursued their conquest of the Philippines. Emperor Hirohito pressured his Army Chief of Staff Hajime Sugiyama twice to increase troops for a quick knockout in Bataan, describes Hirohito biographer Herbert P. Bix.

From December of 1941 to April 1942, the troops in Bataan resisted the Japanese conquest day and night. American war correspondent Frank Hewlett’s limerick would symbolize their campaign.

On April 3, the Japanese flotilla originally destined for Australia arrived in the Philippines instead, and led to new surge of Japanese attacks. “There was no time during the morning, noon, or night that there was not a gunshot. Our machine guns got so hot the barrel would just curve,” Lester Tenney recalled in an interview with the Atomic Heritage Foundation in 2013.  

By this time, there was a shortage of food and medicine. Reduced to less than half-rations per man, survivors recalled eating an officer’s polo pony, then even iguanas, snakes and jungle insects and plants. Malaria and dysentery also ravaged the camp, along with the non-stop noise of shelling and bombing.

On April 8, General MacArthur sent orders that the men were not to surrender. However, Major General Edward P. King, the Commanding General of the Philippine-American forces in Bataan, knew that the men were at risk of dying and defied the orders.

On April 9, 1942, the 12,000 American and 58,000 Filipino soldiers surrendered. At the time of surrender, about a third were sick or wounded, note historians Everett Rogers and Nancy Bartlit.

Death March

The Japanese rounded up the captured men into long columns and told them to start marching. For the next seven days, the men were forced to walk 65 miles in tropical temperatures over 100 degrees, given no food or water, and rested rarely. Over five thousand would die on the march.

The Japanese military followed the Bushido code, which essentially stated that surrender was shameful and death was preferable. Anyone who surrendered was a coward and must be treated as less than human. Therefore, the recently surrendered American troops could be treated as less than human, and consequently were.

“It was called the death march, because of the way they killed you,” Tenney said. “If you stopped walking, you died. If you had to defecate, you died. If you had a malaria attack, you died. It made no different what it was; either they cut your head off, they shot you, or they bayonetted you. But you died, if you fell down.”

The Japanese soldiers who accompanied the march tortured and murdered freely. From using bayonets to prolong death to pushing bodies in front of tank paths, the Japanese would even force prisoners to stand to attention in the midday sun until some would drop of heat exhaustion.

“Numerous emasculations, disemboweling, decapitations, amputations, hundreds of bayoneting, shootings and just plain bludgeoning to death of the defenseless, starved and wounded soldiers were common on the march…in full view of their helpless comrades,” said Paul Ashton, another survivor, in Rogers and Bartlit’s book, Silent Voices of World War II.

Along with death by torture, many men died of dysentery. Many artesian wells lined the path of the march, but any prisoner who tried to approach was killed. Desperation would lead men to resort to drinking whatever they could find.

Tenney recalled, “You would see water on the side of the road in carabao wallows. The carabao would sit in there and bathe. We would see that and spread the scum along the side and just drink the water. The result was dysentery, real bad dysentery.”

Following the end of the march, the prisoners were packed into hot steel boxcars with barely enough room to breathe. During this 45-mile ride, men continued to die from heat and exhaustion. Upon arrival, they marched ten more miles when they arrived at Camp O’Donnell, a former Filipino training base. “You are guests of the Emperor,” a Japanese official greeted them in English. “We will work you to death.”

Camp O’ Death

Minister of War Hideki Tojo had said, “A POW who does not work, should not eat,” which translated into a death sentence for the sick and wounded at Camp O’Donnell, explain Rogers and Bartlit. Nicknamed Camp O’ Death, the survivors of the Bataan Death march along with other POWs continued to die from starvation and disease.

The camp diet was lugao, a watery rice gruel that contained fish heads, vegetables, and usually inch-long weevils. Some POWs ate the weevils for their protein value. The prisoners supplemented their diet with prison stew, which they made from anything edible that they stole, such as turnips, or rats. 

Sick prisoners were sent to the crude hospital ward, which was nicknamed “zero ward,” as in for patients with zero hope. Rogers and Bartlit describe how patients lay there and waited to die, because there was little to no medicine. One prisoner described having his appendix removed with a sharpened spoon and no anesthetic.

Escaping from the prison might have appeared to be an option, because the fence was just a couple strands of barbed wire. However, the nearest safe zone was 9,000 miles away in Australia. The prisoners did not speak the local language and “any white captive’s skin was a prison uniform he could not take off,” explained historian Gavan Daws. In addition, the Japanese implemented a system of death squads, where they created groups of ten men. If one man tried to escape, they all would be killed.

Punishments and sadistic acts continued in the prison as well. Rogers and Bartlit describe a water treatment, in which the Japanese would ram garden hoses down a prisoner’s throat or up another orifice, until the prisoner’s belly was swollen with water. Then, they would jump on the stomach. This punishment nearly always resulted in death.

Hell Ships

The prison camps in the Philippines were not the end for the dwindling number of survivors of the death march and other POWs. In May, the Japanese began transferring POWs to meet labor shortages.

Packed into “hell ships,” the prisoners barely had enough room to stand or breathe. A small canteen and bucket of rice would be occasionally lowered into the cramped hold, and these rations would be auctioned off every time a man died.

These journeys would take about a month, despite the short distance between the Philippines and mainland Japan, China, and Korea. Because the ships were unmarked, the hell ships were susceptible to enemy fire, and needed to take a convoluted route. Unfortunately, about five ships were sunk by the American navy, and about 10,000 POWs lost their lives at sea as a result.

For more on the hell ships, read here.

Labor Camps

The hell ships arrived in different places, but many were destined for labor camps in Japan. At these labor camps, the POWs sometimes engaged in acts of sabotage, bending the fins of bombs and stealing food, explain Rogers and Bartlit. The cruel treatments continued as punishments included forcing two POWs to strike each other in the face until both were bloody, as well as beheadings with samurai swords.

On August 9, 1945, some POWs witnessed the mushroom cloud from the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. One POW from Bataan, Sergeant Joe Kieyoomia, was actually in a Nagasaki prison, and survived the bombing, protected by the thick prison walls.

Following the Japanese surrender, the remaining POWs received aid as planes dropped medicine and food. Eventually they would return to the US in hospital ships, where they were permitted to eat anything they wanted. According to Rogers and Bartlit, in one navy ship, they were served rice. The POWs promptly protested and threw rice all over the ship.

Apologies and Reparations

After the war, Americans arrested Lieutenant General Homma Masaharu, the commander of Japanese troops in Philippines. He was extradited to the Philippines for the Manila war crime tribunals. He was indicted on 48 counts of violating international rules of war, including responsibility for the Death March. Although he denied involvement, he was found guilty and executed.

For more on his trial, read here.

In 1951, America signed the Peace Treaty with Japan, which included a provision waiving claims of former POWs against the Japanese government, according to historian Kinue Tokudome in an article regarding the survivors of Bataan.

In 1995, fifty years after the end of the war, Japan inaugurated the “Peace, Friendship, and Exchange Initiative”, to fund historical research and exchange programs with nations Japan had committed aggression against or dominated during World War II. As part of this exchange program, Japan invited former Allied POWs; however, American POWs were explicitly not invited due to the Peace Treaty.

Seeking justice, Bataan survivors then filed lawsuits against the Japanese companies that ran the labor camps under a newly created California law in 1999 that allowed compensation for WWII labor victims, describes Tokudome. Both the American and Japanese government sided against them, citing the Peace Treaty again. Eventually, all of the lawsuits were dismissed.

In 2007, the American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor (ADBC), the national organization of former POWs in the Pacific, passed a resolution in their annual convention in Washington, DC, that asked for an official apology from the Japanese government. Most of the POWs at that point were in their 80s and 90s, which added to the urgency. Over the next several years, Lester Tenney, a Bataan survivor and vice commander of the ADBC, would try to meet with the Japanese Embassy.

Finally in 2010, Tenney met with the Japanese Embassy. They agreed to let American POWs make a visit to Japan and receive an apology. On Sept 13, 2010, Minister of Foreign Affairs Katsuya Okada apologized to six American POWs, including two survivors of the Bataan Death March, Tenney and Robert Rosendahl. 

The POWs continued to fight for apologies from the Japanese companies that ran the labor camps as well. In 2015, in a historical moment, one of the companies that used POWs in labor camps, Mitsubishi Materials Company, apologized in a speech at the Simon Wiesenthal Center. They were the only company to apologize.

The Bataan Death March is remembered both in movies and memorials. New Mexico honors the 1,800 New Mexican soldiers who were sent to the Philippines through the Bataan Memorial Museum and an annual Bataan Memorial Death march, a 26.2-mile commemorative walk at White Sands Missile Range. 

Gallery : Please click the source's link for complete information and view of the images. 

credit/source; https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/bataan-death-march

Note: All information are credited to the original writer's sources and references.

Aquino Administration projects to be completed during the Next Administration

2016

Project Name	Description	Target date of completion
NCR
NAIA Expressway, Phase II	A 4.70-km , four-lane elevated expressway from Sales Road to MIA Road; will reduce average travel time between Skyway and NAIA Terminal 1	November 2016 (75% complete as of April 2016)
CAMARINES SUR
Tignon-Goa-San Jose-Lagonoy-Guijalo Tourism Road	Will reduce travel time between Naga City and Caramoan; an access road to Caramoan Island, a tourist destination in Camarines Sur	July 2016
Naga Airport, Naga City	Expansion and improvement of passenger terminal building to provide wider space for passengers and improve service delivery	October 2016
ALBAY
Tabaco Port, Tabaco City	Expansion of reinforced concrete wharf and construction of backup area to provide wider space for vessels and passengers	August 2016 (81% as of April 2016)
	Rehabilitation of damaged wharf	November 2016 (34% as of April 2016)
Legazpi Base Port, Legazpi City	Rehabilitation and upgrade of damaged wharf	December 2016 (22% as of April 2016)
DAVAO ORIENTAL
Jct. Menzi-Dahican-Lawigan Tourism Road	Leads to Cinco Masao Beach Resort in the municipality of Mati	Novmber 2016
Lupon Port, Lupon	Extension of reinforced concrete pier, construction of sea wall, expansion of back-up area	June 2016
CAGAYAN
Replacement of Lucban Brudge and approaches along Manila North Road	Connects five major highways (Daang Maharlika, Cagayan Valley Road, Jct. Logac-Magapit Road, Bangag-Magapit Road, and Manila North Road)	November 2016 (94.28% complete)
BATANGAS
Lobo-Malabrigo-San Juan Road	An access road to the beaches in San Juan and Lobo	September 2016
SAMAR
Gandara-Matuguinao Road	Concreting of road sections and slope protection works	September 2016
Catablogan Port, Catbalogan	Port improvement	July 2016 (60.42% as of April 2016)
MISAMIS ORIENTAL
Butuan City-Cagayan de Oro-Iligan Road (BCIR) Project	Will reduce travel time between Opol and Laguindingan; will provide additional access to the Laguindingan Airport	November 2016
Widening of BCIR Project	Widening of 16.92 kms of road sections	November 2016
Jasaan Port, Kimaya	Port development	August 2016
TARLAC
Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway	Wil reduce travel time between Tarlac City and Rosales, Pangasinan; upon full completion, will also reduce average travel time between Tarlac City and Rosario, La Union	December 2016
BATAAN
Bagac-Mariveles road	Will provide a fast alternative route along the Subic-Morong-Bagac-Mariveles Route	December 2016 (22.5% complete as of April 2016)
BENGUET
Gurel-Bokod-Kabayan-Buguias-Abatan Road	Will lead to tourist destinations such as the Mt. Pulag and Kabayan Caves; will reduce average travel time between Brgy. Gurel, Bokod, and Brgy Abatan, Buguias; will serve as an alternate route to Mountain Province and Ifugao	July 2016
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES MODERNIZATION AND CAPABILITY UPGRADE PROGRAM
PH Air Force – Two C-130 Aircraft units		2nd unit to be delivered in the 3rd quarter of 2016
PH Air Force – Two Light Lift Aircraft (C-212) units		To be delivered within 2016
PH Army – 28 Armored personnel Carrier units		14 units delivered; remaining units to be delivered within 2016
PH Navy – One 3rd Weather High Endurance Cutter		To be delivered within 2016

2017

NCR
NLEX Harbor Link	Will connect MacArthur Highway in Valenzuela City and C3 in Caloocan City; will provide axxess to NLEX without passing through EDSA or the Balintawak Toll Plaza	September 2017 (24.42% complete as of March 2016)
Pasig Marikina River Channel	Covers the cities of Mandaluyong, Manila, Makati, and Pasig; will decrease flood inundation and reduce flood damage	June 2017 (56.84% complete as of March 2016)
Southwest Intermodal Terminal	An intermodal terminal for buses on the routes between Metro Manila and Cavite; will connect passengers from Cavite to other Metro Manila-bound transport modes	November 2017
DAVAO DEL SUR
Cogon-Kapatagan-Mainit Tourist Road	Will lead to various tourist destinations such as Camp Sabros; will reduce travel tie between the city proper of Digos and Barangay Cogon	January 2017 (70.31% complete as of April 2016)
Kapatagan-Tibolo Road	Concreting of a 6.02-km road section	January 2017
CEBU
Medellin-Daanbantayan Road	Will lead to Maya RORO Port, which serves as an access point to Daanbantayan’s beaches; will reduce average travel time between Barangay Maya and Cebu City	February 2017 (20% complete as of April 2016)
BENGUET
Ballay-Tabio-Tonoman-Bulalacao-Tawangan-Lusod Road	Will serve as an alternate route to Tinoc, Ifugao	March 2017
BOHOL
Panglao Airport Project, Panglao Island	Will serve as a replacement for Tagbilaran Airport	December 2017 (2.43% complete as of January 2016)
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES MODERNIZATION AND CAPABILITY UPGRADE PROGRAM
PH Navy – Two Strategic Sealift vessels		2nd unit to be delivered on May 2017

2018

NCR
C5 South Link Expressway	Will reduce travel time from Taguig to Las Piñas/Cavite; will provide a direct, high-capacity route between the Makati and Taguig business districts to residential areas in Cavite, Parañaque and Las Piñas	Phase 1 target completion in June 2018; Phase 2 target completion in December 2018
LRT Line 2 East Extension Project	LRT-2 extension from Santolan, Pasig to Masinag, Antipolo	First quarter of 2018 (16.38% complete as of April 2016)
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES MODERNIZATION AND CAPABILITY UPGRADE PROGRAM
PH Navy – Two Anti-submarine Warfare Capable Helicopters		To be delivered within 2018
PH Air Force – Two Long-range Patrol Aircrafts
PH Air Force – Six Close Air Support Aircrafts

2019

NCR
NLEX Harbor Link Segment 8.2	Will connect Mindanao Avenue to Commonwealth Avenue in Quezon City; will reduce travel time from Mindanao Avenue to Commonwealth Avenue	Fourth quarter of 2019
Metro Rail Transit (MRT) Line 7	Development of an integrated ransport sysystem which involves a rail line from North Avenue, Quezon City to San Jose del Monte, Bulacan; an intermodal transport terminal (ITT) adjacent to the San Jose del Monte station; and a 6-lane road from NLEX Bocaue Interchange to the ITT	2019
CEBU
Mactan Cebu Internatonal Airport New Passenger Terminal Building (PTB) Project, Mactan	Construction of a new PTB; privatization of the airport’s operations and maintenance; renovation, expansion and rehabilitation of the existing PTB	June 2019 (6.68% complete as of January 2016)
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES MODERNIZATION AND CAPABILITY UPGRADE PROGRAM
PH Navy – Two Frigate units		To be delivered within 2019

2020

NCR
Light Rail Transit (LRT) Line 1 South Extension Project	Extension of the LRT from Baclaran to Bacoor, Cavite	First quarter of 2020

MULTI-YEAR COMPLETION

NCR
MRT Line 3 Projects	Procurement of 28 new light rail vehicles (LRV)	Six LRV have been delivered as of April 2016; two more LRV deliveries targeted for May 2016
	Procurement of long-term maintenance provider	December 2018
	Rehabilitation of rail, traction motors, signalling system, and conveyance facilities, among others	Second quarter of 2017
ALBAY
New Bicol International Airport	Construction of runway, taxiway, apron, and perimeter fence	October 2016 (77% complete as of April 2016)
	Site development and construction of landslide facilities	May 2018
	Construction of passenger terminal building	December 2018
BULACAN
Plaridel Bypass Road Project	Will connect the NLEX in Balagtas, Bulacan and the Maharlika Highway in San Rafael Bulacan; will provide a faster route to San Rafael without passing through the town proper of Plaridel and the commercial areas of Pulilan and Baliuag along the Maharlika Highway; will cut travel time between Burol, Balagtas and Maasim, San Rafael	May 2018 (53.36% complete as of February 2016)
Bulacan Bulk Water Supply Project	Will provide clean and affordable treated water to 22 water distracts in 21 municipalities and three cities in Bulacan	Stage 1: July 2016 to July 2017; Stage 2: July 2017 to July 2018; Stage 3: 2020 to 2045
ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES MODERNIZATION AND CAPABILITY UPGRADE PROGRAM
PH Air Force – 12 FA-50 Aircraft units credit/source:http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/lists/aquino-admin-tbc-projects/ Note: No political shades here it is for the Filipino people well deserved infrastructure.,		2017